b Caprese 1475 d Rome 1564 Born: March 6, 1475 Caprese, Italy Died: February 18, 1564 Rome, Italy Italian artist Michelangelo was one of the greatest sculptors of the Italian Renaissance and one of its greatest painters and architects. Early life Michelangelo Buonarroti was born on March 6, 1475, in Caprese, Italy, a village where his father, Lodovico Buonarroti, was briefly serving as a Florentine government agent. The family moved back to Florence before Michelangelo was one month old. Michelangelo's mother died when he was six. From his childhood Michelangelo was drawn to the arts, but his father considered this pursuit below the family's social status and tried to discourage him. However, Michelangelo prevailed and was apprenticed (worked to learn a trade) at the age of thirteen to Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449?C1494), the most fashionable painter in Florence at the time. After a year Michelangelo's apprenticeship was broken off. The boy was given access to the collection of ancient Roman sculpture of the ruler of Florence, Lorenzo de' Medici (1449?C1492). He dined with the family and was looked after by the retired sculptor who was in charge of the collection. This arrangement was quite unusual at the time. Early works Michelangelo's earliest sculpture, the Battle of the Centaurs (mythological creatures that are part man and part horse), a stone work created when he was about seventeen, is regarded as remarkable for the simple, solid forms and squarish proportions of the figures, which add intensity to their violent interaction. Soon after Lorenzo died in 1492, the Medici family fell from power and Michelangelo fled to Bologna. In 1494 he carved three saints for the church of San Domenico. They show dense forms, in contrast to the linear forms which were then dominant in sculpture. Rome After returning to Florence briefly, Michelangelo moved to Rome. There he carved a Bacchus for a banker's garden of ancient sculpture. This is Michelangelo's earliest surviving large-scale work, and his only sculpture meant to be viewed from all sides. In 1498 the same banker commissioned Michelangelo to carve the Piet?? now in St. Peter's. The term piet?? refers to a type of image in which Mary supports the dead Christ across her knees. Larger than life size, the Piet?? contains elements which contrast and reinforce each other: vertical and horizontal, cloth and skin, alive and dead, female and male. Florence On Michelangelo's return to Florence in 1501 he was recognized as the most talented sculptor of central Italy. He was commissioned to carve the David for the Florence Cathedral. Michelangelo's Battle of Cascina was commissioned in 1504; several sketches still exist. The central scene shows a group of muscular soldiers climbing from a river where they had been swimming to answer a military alarm. This fusion of life with colossal grandeur henceforth was the special quality of Michelangelo's art. From this time on, Michelangelo's work consisted mainly of very large projects that he never finished. He was unable to turn down the vast commissions of his great clients which appealed to his preference for the grand scale. Pope Julius II (1443?C1513) called Michelangelo to Rome in 1505 to design his tomb, which was to include about forty life-size statues. Michelangelo worked on the project off and on for the next forty years. Sistine Chapel In 1508 Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to decorate the ceiling of the chief Vatican chapel, the Sistine. The traditional format of ceiling painting contained only single figures. Michelangelo introduced dramatic scenes and an original framing system, which was his earliest architectural design. The chief elements are twelve male and female prophets (the latter known as sibyls) and nine stories from Genesis. Michelangelo stopped for some months halfway along. When he returned to the ceiling, his style underwent a shift toward a more forceful grandeur and a richer emotional tension than in any previous work. The images of the Separation of Light and Darkness, and Ezekiel illustrate this greater freedom and mobility. After the ceiling was completed in 1512, Michelangelo returned to the tomb of Julius and carved a Moses and two Slaves. His models were the same physical types he used for the prophets and their attendants in the Sistine ceiling. Julius's death in 1513 halted the work on his tomb. Pope Leo X, son of Lorenzo de' Medici, proposed a marble facade for the family parish church of San Lorenzo in Florence to be decorated with statues by Michelangelo. After four years of quarrying and designing the project was canceled. Medici Chapel In 1520 Michelangelo was commissioned to execute the Medici Chapel for two young Medici dukes. It contains two tombs, each with an image of the deceased and two allegorical (symbolic) figures: Day and Night on one tomb, and Morning and Evening on the other. A library, the Biblioteca Laurenziana, was built at the same time on the opposite side of San Lorenzo to house Pope Leo X's books. The entrance hall and staircase are some of Michelangelo's most astonishing architecture, with recessed columns resting on scroll brackets set halfway up the wall and corners stretched open rather than sealed. Poetry Michelangelo wrote many poems in the 1530s and 1540s. Approximately three hundred survive. The earlier poems are on the theme of Neoplatonic love (belief that the soul comes from a single undivided source to which it can unite again) and are full of logical contradictions and intricate images. The later poems are Christian. Their mood is penitent (being sorrow and regretful); and they are written in a simple, direct style. Last Judgment In 1534 Michelangelo left Florence for the last time, settling in Rome. The next ten years were mainly given over to painting for Pope Paul III (1468?C1549).   Related Paintings of Michelangelo Buonarroti :. | Frescoes above the altar wall | Lunette and Popes | St Anne with the Virgin and the Christ Child | The Creation of Adam | Ancestors of Christ: figures |
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Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo
1538 - 1600 was an Italian painter, belonging to the second generation that produced Mannerism in Italian art and architecture. Gian Paolo Lomazzo was born in Milan from a family emigrated from the town of Lomazzo. His early training was with Giovan Battista della Cerva in Milan. He painted a large Allegory of the Lenten Feast for San Agostino in Piacenza (1567). He also painted an elaborate dome with Glory of Angels for the Capella Foppa in San Marco in Milan. He also painted the Fall of Simon Magus in the wall of the chapel. Lomazzo became blind in 1571, and turning to writing, produced two complex treatises that are milestones in the development of art criticism. His first work, Trattato dell'arte della pittura, scoltura et architettura (1584) is in part a guide to contemporary concepts of decorum, which the Renaissance inherited in part from Antiquity, which controlled a consonance between the functions of interiors and the kinds of painted and sculpted decors that would be suitable; Lespingola offered a systematic codification of esthetics that typifies the increasingly formalized and academic approaches typical of the later sixteenth century. His less practical and more metaphysical Idea del tempio della pittura ("The ideal temple of painting", 1590) offers a description along the lines of the "four temperaments" theory of the human nature and personality,
Robert Graef
American , 1878-1951
Martin Mijtens d.a.
Martin Mijtens d.ä., Martin Meytens, Martin Mytens, född 1648 i Haag, Holland, död 1736 i Stockholm och begravd i Maria Kyrkan, nederländsk konstnär. Far till Martin Mijtens d.y. och son till porträttmålaren Isaac Mijtens. Mijtens kom till Stockholm före eller under år 1677 och fann där ett så tacksamt fält för sin konst, att han beslöt stanna och 1681 satte han bo. Av hans första verk finns prov i Vibyholms och andra samlingar. De visar, att han hade en fin pensel, behaglig, varm, fastän tunn färg samt livlig och karakteristisk uppfattning av de skildrade. Med sina gråaktiga fonder, de ofta gulbruna draperierna och den enkla, naiva framställningen bildar Mijtens vid denna tid en bestämd motsats till David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl. Men dennes anseende och den gunst hans målningssätt vunnit var så stora, att även Mijtens måste böja sig. Så småningom blir hans bilder något anspråksfullare och djärvare, åtbörder och minspel kraftigare, bisakerna rikare, tonen i det hela mer högstämd, utan att personligheten försummas eller återgivningen av hudfärg överger den varma, åt gult dragande hållningen. Många bilder från denna hans andra period, som ungefär omfattar åren 1685- 1700, finns på Skoklosters slott, där Nils Bielke och hans grevinna, Eva Horn (i landskap), hör till mästarens bästa målningar, och på Vibyholm, i Uppsala (professor Schwedes porträtt i Uppsala museum och Olof Rudbeck d.ä.:s förträffliga bild, 1696, i medicinska fakultetens sessionsrum), i Hammers samling och på inte så få andra ställen. Konstnärens vana att högst sällan signera har gjort, att bilderna från dessa år ofta har blandats ihop med Ehrenstrahls och gått under den senares namn. Säkra skiljetecken är emellertid draperierna, som hos Mijtens saknar stil och ofta verkar tämligen slappt tecknade, och även det livligare åtbördsspelet. Man vet, att Mijtens, trots sin medtävlares anseende, var mycket eftersökt som porträttmålare och samlade förmögenhet på sin konst, så att han kunde bl.a. förvärva ett ej obetydligt konstgalleri. Han var även alltifrån 1692 och ganska länge kyrkoråd i den lilla holländska församlingen i Stockholm. 1697 och 1701 företog han resor till hembygden, den förra gången åtföljd av sin unge lärjunge Lucas von Breda. Utom denne ej obetydande konstnär utbildade Mijtens även sin son , som under det i Tyskland antagna namnet van Meytens berömde målaren (se denne), samt G. de Mar??es och möjligen flera. Man kan säga att omkring år 1700 vidtog Mijtens tredje maner. Karnationen får en dragning åt rött, som slutligen blir nästan stötande (t. ex. i Fabritius och prins Alexander av Georgiens porträtt på Gripsholms slott), teckningen vårdslösas mer, och de granna röda eller djupblå draperierna är stillösare och hårdare målade än förr. Dock lever ännu inte litet av den forna kraften i karaktärsteckningen, och anordningen bibehåller i mycket den förra prydligheten. Även denna hans nedgång finnes ej sällan företrädd i svenska samlingar. Märkligt är ett självporträtt (nu på Fånö i Uppland), emedan det enligt sägnen skall vara målat på hans höga ålderdom och under sinnessvaghet (om denna vet man för övrigt inget). Utom måleriet idkade han även gravyr samt utförde ett porträtt af Karl XI i svart maner och möjligen ett par andra blad i samma art (Gustaf Adolf de la Gardie, Georg Stiernhielm). Mijtens skall, enligt gammal uppgift, ha avlidit i Stockholm 1736; enligt en urkund levde han ännu i juli 1730. Hans målningssamling såldes av hans arvingar till preussiske överstemarskalken greve Gotter och kom inte långt därefter till storhertigen af W??rttemberg. Carl Gustaf Tessin, som tycks ha hyst mycken ringaktning för Mijtens omtalar dock, att denna samling på sin tid ansågs som den enda framstående i riket (utom grefve Johan Gabriel Stenbocks). Att Carl Gustaf Tessin vid samma tillfälle kallar Mijtens "en gammal färgskämmare" och även annars talar illa om hans konst, tycks visa att Mijtens vid mitten af 1700-talet var fullkomligt bortglömd, åtminstone sådan han varit under sin bästa tid. Sedan finns han ej heller mycket omtalad. Först genom konstföreningens utställning 1841 och Nils Arfwidssons anmälan av honom i Frey återupptäcktes han; och man fann då, att Sverige i honom ägt en konstnär av sådan betydelse, att han kan mäta sig även med våra största mästare. Hans inflytande på den svenska konstens fortbildning blev dock ej särskilt stort. David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl och David von Krafft ställer honom i det avseendet fullkomligt i skuggan.